Sampling and analytical framework for routine environmental monitoring of organic pollutants

Dubious data would lead to incorrect interpretations and consequently faulty conclusions. Environmental monitoring results therefore have to be unambiguous to avoid misunderstanding the problems under investigation. Representative sampling and appropriate laboratory procedures are keys to acquiring quality data in order to draw unbiased conclusions.Although a large number of studies on organic pollutants have been published, few efforts have been directed towards instituting a systematic framework from sampling design to instrumental analysis. Generally, the main components in such a framework should include sampling design, sample preparation, sample extraction, extract purification and fractionation, and quantification (including qualitative and quantitative analyses).This review outlines the sampling and analytical framework appropriate for routine monitoring of organic pollutants, particularly persistent organic pollutants widely occurring in the environment. We emphasize statistically-based sampling schemes and quality-assurance and quality-control measures desirable for environmental monitoring programs.By way of demonstrating their importance, we especially review procedures for collecting unconventional environmental samples (e.g., human blood, breast milk, human hair, fish and bird tissues, and ice and snow) and analytical methods for typical emerging organic chemicals.     

暴露于环境烟气中的大鼠尿样代谢物分析

4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇(NNAL)是烟草特有亚硝胺4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮(NNK)在生物体内的一种代谢标记物,分析暴露于烟气中的生物体内NNAL的含量是研究卷烟烟气对生物体健康影响的有效手段.基于人体的个体差异性很大,本文以饲养的大鼠为研究对象,采用LC-MS/MS...     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术用于环境中元素形态分析的最新进展

综述了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术在环境科学中的应用情况.参考过去十年内的国内外文献,从方法学的角度论述了HPLC联用ICP-MS技术的发展,重点探讨了该技术在环境领域,尤其是在元素形态分析(包括生物学,生物无机化学和生物医学)中的应用.     

Ni-Mn双金属氧化物微马达用于高效染料吸附

通过水热结合高温退火的方法制备了一种Ni-Mn双金属氧化物微马达,所得Ni-Mn双金属氧化物具有针刺状空心结构,可作为马达材料。该Ni-Mn双金属氧化物微马达在燃料(H₂O₂)质量分数仅为1%时显示出很强的驱动能力,运动速度为83.75μm·s^-1,寿命高于90 min。即使在H₂O₂质量分数低至0.4%时,该马达仍具有优异的自主运动。由于镍氧化物的存在,该马达可通过磁场控制实现定向运动。得益于优异的催化性能和磁性,该Ni₆MnO₈马达可在160 s内有效去除亚甲基蓝,且没有二次污染。     

环境规制、环境研发与绿色技术进步

为鼓励和引导绿色技术发展,驱动预防性技术和处理性技术协同进步,有必要开发环境规制的绿色技术进步导向功能,并探究其传导机理。论文通过建立双寡头同时博弈模型对环境规制、环境研发与绿色技术进步进行关联分析。研究表明:环境研发是环境规制推动绿色技术进步的重要传导路径;环境补贴力度会显著影响环境规制政策组合的技术进步效果;绿色技术进步导向的环境规制的政策组合存在一个普适性较强的应用策略;环境税和环境补贴的规制政策组合能够有效增进社会福利,具体表现为通过污染预防技术和污染处理技术的协同进步带来的产量增加、生产成本减少、污染产生量减少以及污染处理量增加。     

Determination of Chloride Content in Different Types of Cement Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The characterization and accurate determination of the chloride content in cement/concrete is very important for the assessment of the durability and safety of a concrete structure. The available analytical techniques are relatively expensive and time consuming. In this study, a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system was used for determination of elemental composition in three different types of cement samples. The plasma was generated by focusing a pulsed Nd: YAG laser at 1064 nm on the cement samples. The concentrations of different elements of significance for structural stability in cement samples were determined. The evaluation of the potential and the capabilities of LIBS as a rapid tool for characterization of cement samples is discussed. The optimum LIBS setup and experimental conditions to detect and measure chloride in building materials are reported. The LIBS results were compared with the results obtained using a standard analytical technique such as inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP–ES). The limits of detection were determined, and calibration curves were measured. The results of this investigation indicate the reliability of LIBS to characterize different cement samples and to assess the chloride content in these cements.     

Liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II) with cryptand 222 with erythrosine B as the counter-ion

Copper is extracted at pH 5.5 with 3 × 10^–4 M cryptand 222 in dichloromethane with 3 × 10^–4 M erythrosine B as the counter-ion. It can be stripped with 0.5M perchloric acid and determined by atomic absorption spectrometry at 324.7 nm. Copper has been separated from multicomponent mixtures containing zinc, mercury, iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese, which are generally encountered in environmental samples.     

The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the production of environmental certified reference materials

The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the production of environmental certified reference materials by the National Research Council of Canada is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of isotope dilution ICP-MS. Results for fresh and saline natural waters, fish tissues and sediments are presented to illustrate the impressive capabilities of this technique.     

Durability of pultruded glass-fiber-reinforced polyester profiles for structural applications

Results of an experimental research into the physical, chemical, mechanical, and aesthetical changes suffered by pultruded glass-fiber-reinforced polyester profiles during their testing for accelerated aging under the action of moisture, temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation are presented. The profiles were submitted to the influence of four different exposure environments: (i) in an immersion chamber, (ii) in a condensation chamber, (iii) in a QUV accelerated weathering apparatus, and (iv) in a xenon-arc accelerated weathering apparatus. The results obtained were analyzed regarding the changes in their weight, sorption ability, tensile and flexural strength characteristics, color, and gloss; the chemical changes were investigated by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Considerable chromatic changes were observed, especially owing to the UV radiation. Although some reduction in the mechanical properties was observed, particularly in the immersion and condensation chambers, the durability tests proved a generally good behavior of this material under the aggressive conditions considered. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 463–474, July–August, 2006.